Case Study: The Three Gorges
Co-ordination, improve water resource planning ahead
In the program, the planning phase to develop water system planning, co-ordination, utilization of various resources. Water water quota system planning program includes the determination of water use and water balance, water supply and drainage system design, water-saving appliances and the use of non-conventional water resources such content. For different water conditions, characteristics of different climatic regions and different building types, water system planning scheme involves the content is different, if not short of water, wastewater reuse does not necessarily consider the content; catering water than a single class of public buildings , about 90% of the water consumed in the kitchen, flushing water rarely, so this type of construction time to consider the use of recycled water. Therefore, the water system planning program specific content to local conditions. Public buildings water quota should refer GB water quotas and other relevant standards for water quota of water, combined with local economic conditions, climatic conditions, water use habits, building type, and regional water planning and other special scientific, reasonable certainty.
 Case Study: The Three Gorges  代写
Depth research, scientific development of water quota
With the social development, people's living standards improve, the emergence of a large number of new housing forms - senior apartments, villas, duplex apartment, etc., although the building area, number of rooms, bathroom, laundry room and so a corresponding increase in water appliances also the addition of such a jacuzzi and a steam bath room accessories and other new water supply, but not necessarily the number of users has increased, while the utilization rate is not increased in proportion, and water consumption per person with photoelectric devices for faucets and other water-saving wide range of applications than the original specification values ​​decreased. So deal with building water supply and drainage design specifications, per capita water quota, the old ware rated flow changes, the new formulation of the rated flow ware, and traffic caused by the revision of the formula corresponding attention to the design to be more based on scientifically water conservation and water use.
Control water pressure, reduce the residual pressure to avoid overpressure flow
The greater the pressure , the flow will be greater , proportional flow and pressure . "Residual pressure " excessive use of water points will generate overpressure flow , residential design should consider various water distribution apparatus the elevation , the family and the entire building inside the pipe head loss and to ensure safe water supply and other factors , a reasonable the water distribution points limited pressure . Water supply systems in the design and configuration of a reasonable partition decompression device is to control the water pressure within the limits required to reduce the outflow of technology overpressure protection . Depending on water quality and water pressure different situations can be reduced with a pressure regulating valve orifice or pressure , water consumption can be reduced by 15 % to 40% , or install a throttling plug , water valve , etc. can play better decompression throttling .
Fourth, the problem at its source , and vigorously promote the use of water-saving appliances and equipment
( A ) to promote water-saving toilet
Family life, toilet flushing water total days of water consumption 30% to 40 % water saving toilet flushing device is the construction of water conservation priorities. In addition to the use of water as flushing toilets outside , has developed a number of types of water-saving devices. US-developed free wash ( drying ) urinals , high liquid trap liners, no odor, no water , eliminating the cost of water and wastewater treatment , is an effective water-saving devices. There is also a device with a sensor automatically flushing urinals , water-saving equipment than the average day 13L. In Switzerland and Germany, public toilets urinal almost 100% use of this device. There are a variety of water-saving toilet , such as dual- flush toilet water , this water per flush toilet is 9L, urine flush as 415L, water-saving effect is remarkable. China's large and medium cities in the non- residential water use a flushing toilet in 9L above . In addition , the use of compressed air or vacuum suction pneumatic stool, 2L, each flushing water only .
( Two ) to promote water-saving taps
Faucet is the most widely used , the largest number of a toilet washing

Water appliances , currently developed water-saving taps are closed automatically delay taps , hand pressure , foot , elbow action taps , water taps off automatically , water faucets , etc., these water-saving taps have a better water-saving effect . Shown in Figure 1 . In Japanese cities generally promote water-saving valve ( water Pidian ) , who in some cities Waterworks Bureau is responsible for the relevant window gift . If equipped with such a valve faucet ,
Case Study: Sydney Olympic Park
 
Droughts are one of the most important problems that Australia has to face for many years. The growing population and worsening climate make people pay more attention on water conservation. One of the most creative and advanced recycling schemes in Australia was built as a result of Sydney’s successful bid for the 2000 Olympic Games. Sydney Olympic Park has a locally-integrated approach to water conservation based on stormwater harvesting, wastewater reprocessing and reducing water demand. The Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) commenced operation at Sydney Olympic Park in July 2000. A whole-of-catchment approach has been built into the design of the Park and links management of potable water, recycled water, rainwater, and irrigation water, building design, landscape plantings and aquatic habitats. Figure # indicates the details of Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) of Sydney Olympic Park. According to this picture, it can be observed that the simple process between each aspects in WRAMS. Water catchment, Stormwater Harvesting, stormwater and wastewater treatment and recycled water supply system consist of the entire water recycling system.

Figure # : WRAMS
 
Catchment Management
 
The Parramatta River receives stormwater runoff from Sydney Olympic Park via Haslams Creek, Powells Creek, Boundary Creek. The stormwater runoff also frains to the Park’s freshwater and estuarine wetlands. Pollution-control devices have been installed throughout the Park to capture locally-generated pollutants and protect local waterways that including gross pollutant traps, continuous deflective separation units and water quality control ponds. However the Olympic Park is located at the lower end of highly-urbanised catchments, it means that and significant amount of rubbish are flowed into Haslams Creek, Powells Creek and Boundary Creek from upstream. The risks are that rubbish can threaten the Park’s endangered saltmarshes, pollute its mangrove forests, and wildlife. Stormwater litter booms has been installed by Sydney Olympic Park Authority to avoid the rubbish get into the Park in Oct 2009 which intercepted and removed over 125 tonnes of rubbish carried into the Park from upstream.
 
Stormwater Harvesting
 
There are three ponds used to water quality control and which collect stormwater runoff from the pavements, roads and rooftops of the Town Centre. These ponds are planted with aquatic plants and are designed to collect the first flush of stormwater. It can make sediments to settle and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to be removed. The stormwater is then either reused for irrigation or in production of recycled water, or overflows into local creeks and wetlands. The ponds also provide important habitat for the endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog, and breeding habitat for a variety of waterbird species. Stormwater runoff from the 14-hectare P5 carpark and from much of the suburb of Newington is collected into irrigation storage ponds in Narawang Wetland. From here it is used to fill the 22 wildlife habitat ponds within the wetland, and for irrigation of parkland landscapes and the Wilson Park playing field.
 
Wastewater Reprocessing
 
The Park’s Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) commenced operation in 2000 and was Australia’s first large-scale urban water treatment scheme. WRAMS recycles water from sewage and stormwater to supply irrigation, ornamental fountain and toilet flushing applications across Sydney Olympic Park and in the suburb of Newington. Office buildings, sporting and entertainment venues and
Newington residences are all connected to this recycled water, which is supplied to customers through separate meters and at a lower cost than potable water supplied by Sydney Water. Figure # is the water reclamation system which use to deal with sewage. Through Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process (SBR), Biological nutrient removal, UV and many other treatments to achieve wastewater processing plays key role in the entire system. Brick pit is also needed, which is not only wetlands but also can collect rainwater. It can be applied to water transfer and storage. Water treatment plant is shown in Figure #. The recycled water can be obtained by MF, RO, and Chlorination in this process. In addition, filtration is also an important part in Sydney Olympic Park water system. Micro-filtration filters all particles over 0.2 microns that’s about 1 / 200 the size of a human hair. Filtering out most harmful organisms including bacteria, Cryptosporidium and Giardia is the main purpose in this part.
 

Figure # : Water Reclamation

              Figure #: Brick pit                                   Figure #: Water Treatment
 
Due to WRAMS, it saves more than 850 million litres of potable water annually by avoiding its use for non-drinking purposes. In addition, the sewer-mining function of WRAMS treats approximately 550 million litres of sewage each year, which would otherwise be discharged to ocean outfalls.
 
Reducing Water Demand
 
Less than 5% of all water used at Sydney Olympic Park is potable water. It is typically only used where recycled water or harvested stormwater cannot be used  such as for drinking water, showers and handbasins, and by the sports venues to top up swimming pools and to provide the correct surface moisture for hockey playing fields.Design and management practices that reduce water demand include: Widespread use of drought-tolerant native plants in landscape plantings across the Park. These plants are already adapted to the rainfall patterns of the area and have little need for irrigation once established. Irrigation of lawns and plantings is generally undertaken at night, when evaporation is low Use of permeable paving and porous gravel in much of the Town Centre, to provide rainwater infiltration for street trees and to reduce the volume of stormwater runoff generated from hard surfaces Sub-surface irrigation of the Wilson Park playing field, installed because it requires significantly less water than a surface irrigation system.
 
Case Study: The Grove Library
 
The Grove Library is recognised as a state-of-art building in terms of green building technology in Western Australia. The Grove building comprises a new library, community learning centre and administration office for the Shire of Peppermint Grove located at 1 Leake St Peppermint Grove, Western Australia. The design of the building commenced in 2007 with the collaboration of the Shire of Peppermint Grove , the Town of Mosman Park and the Town of Cottesloe. The Grove is an iconic building in terms of the ‘Environmentally Sustainable Design’ (ESD) systems incorporating a sophisticated Building Management System (BMS) in charge of monitoring and to some extent controlling the water and energy use in the building and landscape irrigation systems. The main purpose of The Grove creation is to demonstrate the environmental benefits of the ESD systems in a green building to encourage the community to adopt these practices for their personal use. This will ideally result in the reduction in water and energy consumption levels and subsequent reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The BMS was established to report on the operation and quantify the environmental benefits of the ESD systems.
However, some breakdowns of the ESD water systems, namely, wastewater, rainwater and irrigation, caused disappointment for people operating and managing them. This raised the opportunity for involvement of a third party to study and comment further on the operation of these systems.
This work is the first attempt to study and troubleshoot these systems since the commencement of their operation in 2011. This study represents that data were accessed from the BMS for analysing and commenting on the operation of the ESD system for the first time. It is expected the findings will provide a base for future studies at The Grove.
 
Building Management System (BMS)
 
BMS is a general term referring to an automation and control tool used for monitoring and controlling the operation of different systems in a building. The automated system at The Grove is referred to as the BMS which is mostly in charge of monitoring and to some extent controlling the systems as cited in Honeywell website, accessed May 13, 2013. The BMS was installed by Honeywell; integrating all the ESD energy, HVAC, alarm and water systems into one automated ‘smart’ setup as shown in Figure 2. This version of BMS is outdated being of 2007 vintage, so having some limitations in accessing data and setting up sensors
 
There are two computerised control stations located at The Grove from which the BMS can be accessed, one being in the Shire’s office and the other in the car park area. The system is designed to display the status of each ESD system and its historical trends. The BMS has the capability of both controlling and monitoring the lighting, alarm, and HVAC systems. Water systems, on the other hand, can mainly be monitored and the controlling of them is not supported through the current BMS.
 
Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) Systems
 
The ESD systems at The Grove are comprehensive to all the energy, water, lighting and HVAC systems in the building. Grid-connected photovoltaic solar panels are installed to provide part of the energy requirements of the building. The system consists of 72 x 300W panels producing a total of 32,000kWh per year which is equivalent to a 26,000kg reduction in GHG emissions per year. In addition, two wind turbines, which are currently not functional due to mistakes in initial sizing of the height of the turbines, are designed to produce 2,400kWh per year equivalent to an approximately 2,000kg reduction in GHG emissions annually.
 
The orientation and eco-architectural design of the building not only serve as an aesthetically pleasing feature, but also are intended to reduce energy requirements during hot and cold seasons. An open loop geothermal system utilises a shallow groundwater supply as a direct energy source in charge of the HVAC. Water at 21°C is taken out from the first bore and re-injected to the second bore at 28°C. The focus of this study is on the ESD water systems and their operation at The Grove. Therefore a more comprehensive explanation of each of the ESD water systems and their design follows.
 
Rainwater Systems
 
The Grove’s rainwater system’s design is comprised of 6 in-ground concrete tanks and 11 above-ground steel tanks in the basement of the building. Rainwater storage was designed to meet 100% of the water demand for internal usage, saving up to 730,000L per annum. The total capacity of all the tanks is 254,000L which is carefully designed to meet the internal demand considering the high and low occupancy rates of the building. Figure # presents a schematic diagram of how rainwater is distributed at The Grove.
 
The rainwater is used internally after going through the UV disinfectant and micro-filtration units that treat the water for potable use. There is the provision for a mains water supply as a backup in case of a fault with the system or shortage of rainwater supply.

Figure # : Rainwater design system at The Grove
 
Wastewater Systems
 
The innovative wastewater system at The Grove is designed to separate the wastewater into greywater, brown water and yellow water streams on-site. In this case the greywater is the wastewater from shower and hand basins; the brown water is from toilets and the kitchen; and the yellow water is from male urinals. It should be noted that local regulations prevented installation of urine separating toilet pans for females available in Europe. Each of these wastewater streams is treated and reused onsite to provide part of the landscape irrigation and supply of nutrients for the plant requirements. A projected saving of over 700,000L per annum of water can be achieved by this innovative wastewater system. Figure # presents the schematic diagram of how these systems are integrated to provide water for different external uses in the Grove
Case Study: The Three Gorges  代写
Figure #: wastewater systems at The Grove
 
 Case Study: The Three Gorges  代写