1.Why are ocean resources so important for humans?
According to the attached information:
a. The ocean is one of Earth’s most valuable natural resources. It provides food, as about 200 billion pounds of fish and shellfish are caught each year.It is hard to image that our world without fish and shellfish,especially for the countries nearby sea which regard fish as their main food.
b. Seawater is used as transportation for both travel and shipping. Maritime transport ion is still the main transportation around the world.Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances[1].
c. Additionally, it provides a source of recreation for humans, as well as mined for minerals, including salt, sand, gravel, manganese, copper, nickel, and iron, and drilled for crude oil. Minerals are absolutely essential to life on this planet, and the importance of minerals and trace elements in the functions of living organisms is without question.
d. The ocean is also an increasingly important source of biomedical organisms with enormous potential for fighting disease.
e. Besides these resources provided to humans, the ocean plays a critical role in keeping Earth’s biosphere in balance. It removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and provides oxygen through the primary productivity of phytoplankton.
f. Moreover, its ability to store heat allows it to regulate Earth’s climate.
With these few examples, there is no doubt that the ocean plays an important role in Earth’s systems and humans daily life.
2.Explain the consequences of over-exploitation of our ocean resources.
Over-exploitation of ocean resources includes overfishing, over using of minerals,excessive mining the oil under the sea.In my opinion,the main aspect of over-exploitation is overfishing.
Overfishing is the removal of marine living resources to levels that can not sustain viable populations. Ultimately overfishing can lead to resource depletion in cases of subsidized fishing, low biological growth rates and critical low biomass levels (e.g. by critical depensation growth properties). For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems[2] .
The exponential growth of human population in last decades has lead to an overexploitation of marine living resources to meet growing demand for food. So traditional fishing methods were not meet the demand of fish resources. The use of modern techniques to facilitate harvesting, transport and storage has accelerated this trend. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) over 25% of all the world's fish stocks are either overexploited or depleted and 52% are fully exploited [3]. Thus almost 80% of the world's fisheries have be overexploited. Although, these estimates are considered rather conservative. Recently, a study showed that 29% of fish and seafood species are becoming extinct (i.e their catch has declined by 90%) and are projected to die out within by 2048, unless immediate action is taken [4].
Overexploitation do not only affect open ocean or pelagic ecosystems, but also coastal and intertidal areas [5]. For example, intertidal limpets in Hawaii , the Azores, Madeira and Canaries have all shown declines, and in the case of the Azores, dramatic population crashes owing to food gathering [6]
3.There are two main questions facing fisheries management in the world:
(a) What is the carrying capacity of the ocean?
(b) How should fisheries resources be divided among people?
Can we solve these questions? Justify your answer.
4.Suggest means for the sustainable use of our ocean resources. Evaluate the merits and limitations of your proposals
Reference
[1] Transportation Modes: An Overview.Authors: Dr. Brian Slack, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Claude Comtois.
[2] Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says", National Geographic News. 29 March 2007.
[3] The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) www.fao.org/sof/sofia/index_en.htm
[4] Worm, B. et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314, 787-790
[5] Thompson, R.C., Crowe, T.P, Hawkins, S.J. (2002) Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environmental Conservation 29(2): 168-191
[6] Hawkins, S.J., Corte-Real, H.B.S.M., Pannacciulli, F.G., Weber, L.C. & Bishop, J.D.D. (2000) Thoughts on the ecology and evolution of the intertidal biota of the Azores and other Atlantic Islands. Hydrobiologia 440: 3-17
1。为什么海洋资源对人类如此重要吗？
根据所附资讯：
了。海洋是地球上最宝贵的自然资源之一。它提供食物，为大约200亿英镑的鱼类和贝类都陷入每个year.It很难想象，我们的世界没有鱼类和贝类，尤其是对国家附近海域把鱼作为他们的主要食物。
二。海水被用作运输，旅游和航运。海运离子依然是主要的运输围绕world.Because的物理性质，赋予水的浮力和有限的摩擦，海上运输是最有效的模式，大批量货物长距离移动[1]。
三。此外，它提供了一种对人类的娱乐来源，以及开采矿物，包括盐，沙，砾石，锰，铜，镍，铁，钻原油。矿物质是绝对必要的，在这个星球上的生命，生物体的功能中的矿物质和微量元素的重要性是毫无疑问的。
四。海洋是生物医学生物与疾病作斗争的巨大潜力也日益重要的来源。
Ë。除了提供这些资源对人类，海洋在保持地球生物圈的平衡中发挥着关键作用。它从大气中去除二氧化碳，提供氧气的浮游植物的初级生产力。
f。此外，其储存热量的能力，使得它能够调节地球的气候。
这几个例子，这是毫无疑问的海洋地球系统和人类生活中起着重要的作用。
2.Explain我们的海洋资源过度开采的后果。
过度开采海洋资源，包括过度捕捞，过度使用的矿物质，过量开采油在我看来sea.In下，过度开采的主要方面是过度捕捞。
过度捕捞海洋生物资源水平不能维持存活种群去除。过度捕捞，最终会导致资源枯竭补贴捕鱼的情况下，生物增长率低和重要的生物量低的水平（例如，通过关键depensation生长特性）。例如，鲨鱼的过度捕捞已导致整个海洋生态系统的冷门[2]。
在过去的几十年中，人口的指数增长导致海洋生物资源的过度开发，以满足日益增长的粮食需求。因此，传统的捕鱼方法，不能满足需求的鱼类资源。使用现代技术，以方便采摘，运输和储存，加速了这一趋势。据联合国粮食和农业组织（FAO）超过25％，世界上所有的鱼类过度捕捞或耗尽，充分利用52％[3]。因此，几乎80％的世界渔业过度开发。虽然这些被认为是相当保守的估计。最近的一项研究表明，29％的鱼类和海产品物种濒临灭绝的（即渔获下降了90％），并预计内消亡，到2048年，除非立即采取行动[4]。
过度开发不仅影响到开放的海洋深海生态系统，但也沿海及潮间带地区[5]。例如，在夏威夷，马德拉和亚速尔群岛，加那利群岛的潮间带的帽贝都显示下降，戏剧性的人口崩溃在亚速尔群岛的情况下，由于采集食物[6]
有两个在世界渔业管理面临的主要问题：
（一）什么是海洋的承载能力？
（二）渔业资源应该如何被人瓜分？
我们能解决这些问题呢？解释你的答案。
4.Suggest意味着我们的海洋资源的可持续利用。评估您的建议的优点和局限性
参考
[1]运输方式：一个Overview.Authors：布赖恩博士松弛，让 - 保罗罗德里格博士和克劳德·孔图瓦博士。
[2]鲨鱼下跌威胁贝类股票研究“，”国家地理新闻2007年3月29日说。
[3]国家年世界渔业和水产养殖状况（SOFIA）www.fao.org / SOF /索非亚/ index_en.htm的
[4]蜗杆，B.等。生物多样性丧失对海洋生态系统服务的影响。科学314，787-790
[5]汤普森，R.C.，克洛，T.P，霍金斯，S.J. （2002）洛矶潮间带群落：过去环境变化，现状和未来25年的预测。环境保护29（2）：168-191
[6]霍金斯，SJ，科尔特 - 真正的，HBSM Pannacciulli，FG，韦伯，LC主教，J.D.D. （2000）亚速尔群岛和其他大西洋群岛潮间带生物群的生态和进化的思考。 Hydrobiologia 440：3-17
