Ethical relativism is denial of universal ethical norms and regulations. It also rejects the existence of the objective ethical criterion. The main problem in different cultures is that the question about morality isn’t settled and the common moral norms are not invented. In most cases disagreements between different cultures appear because of disagreements in facts. So, regulation of the most important facts leads to the solution of this problem. Another source of cultural disagreements and so criticism of other cultures are caused by differences of values. They are fundamental moral disagreements and their solution is practically impossible. According to cultural ethical relativism morality is a matter of the culture. So basic definitions are interpreted taking this fact into account. For example, “right”, “bad”, “good”, “virtuous” are correlated with the thing approved by the society. Moral principles of the individuality are formed according to the social morality. The conclusion is that people should follow moral norms and laws of their own society. Their own morality gives them a possibility to judge and so criticize all the other cultures. Ethical universalism is an exact antithesis to ethical relativism. Ethical universalism supposes the existence of the fundamental moral principles that are correct everywhere and are suitable for all people in similar situations. These principles are hidden and it’s not very easy to find them, so all the time appear arguments about them. Moral errors and blunders also take place because these basic principles are hard to find. Ethical relativism denies the main points of universalism. Its good probative evidence is the absence of one universal morality in the modern world. Societies can’t find mutual consent in the question of the morality. Culture influences the formation of the morality and culture is a subjective phenomenon so its products can’t be universal and common. Fundamental moral disagreements would never be solved. Universalism proposes its own argument to protect its theoretical base and to criticize ethical relativism. It disproves all the arguments of their opponents against universalism. Societies disagree about morality, but they also disagree about some historical, geographical, biological facts but it doesn’t mean that there isn’t one correct answer to the questions in these spheres, the same situation is with the morality. Representatives of universalism argue that all the products of culture can’t be objective or universal. Science is the product of culture, but scientific laws are universal so morality can be universal. Ethical relativism and universalism develop across, inventing new arguments against their opponents’ theory and consolidating their positions. Ethical relativism denying all the other cultures and morality believes in the morality of a definite society. It follows from thesis that we can take anything from other cultures and mustn’t take them as an example. If all the societies form and develop their own moralities there is no chance to lead the world ethics to any progress. Universalism implies the existence of the universal objective truth. So those, who find this truth must spread it among other people, but in a such way people lose independence and free choice in life. At the same time conception of the universal truth excludes tolerance to other cultures and moralities. Both ethical relativism and universalism are not perfect and will develop further. Bibliography 1. Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1995). Fin de Siecle Social Theory. Relativism, Reduction and the Problem of Reason. Verso, London. 2. Ladd, John, ed. (1985). Ethical Relativism.
伦理相对主义是拒绝普遍的道德准则和法规。它也拒绝的客观的道德标准的存在。在不同的文化中存在的主要问题是关于道德的问题没有得到解决，不是发明和共同的道德准则。在大多数情况下，出现不同文化之间的分歧，因为分歧的事实。因此，最重要的事实，调节导致了这个问题的解决方案。值的差异所造成的文化分歧的另一个来源等其他文化的批评。他们是基本的道德分歧和他们的解决方案几乎是不可能的。根据文化道德相对主义道德是文化的问题。考虑到这个事实，所以基本定义解释。例如，“右”，“坏”，“好”，“厚德载物”是相关的社会认可的东西。个性的道德原则，根据社会公德的形成。得出的结论是，人们应该按照自己的社会道德准则和法律。给他们自己的道德判断和批评其他文化的可能性。道德普世主义是一个确切的道德相对主义的对立面。伦理普世设到处是正确的，是适合所有的人在类似情况下的基本道德原则的存在。这些原则是隐藏的，这不是很容易找到他们，所以他们所有的时间出现的论点。道德的错误和失误的地方，因为这些基本原则都很难找到。道德相对主义否认普世的要点。其良好的证明的证据是没有在现代世界的一个普遍的道德。道德问题，社会无法找到双方同意。道德和文化的形成是一个主观的现象，所以它的产品不能通用，共同的文化影响。基本的道德分歧绝不会得到解决。普遍提出了自己的参数，以保护其批评的理论基础和道德相对主义。它驳斥他们的对手反对普世的所有参数。关于道德，社会不同意，但他们也反对一些历史，地理，生物的事实，但并不意味着没有一个正确的答案在这些领域的问题，同样的情况是与道德。普遍主义的代表认为，所有文化产品的不能客观或通用。科学是文化的产物，但科学规律是普遍的，所以道德可以通用。道德相对主义和普遍发展的跨越，创造新的论据，反对他们的对手“的理论和巩固自己的地位。否认所有其他的文化和道德伦理相对主义认为，在一个明确的社会道德。从论文中，我们可以采取任何来自其他文化的，不能把它们作为一个例子。如果所有的社会的形成和发展自己的道德有没有机会引领世界伦理任何进展。普遍意味着普遍的客观真理的存在。所以，谁发现了这个道理必须其他人之间的传播，但在这样的方式，人们失去了生活中的独立和自由选择。与此同时普遍真理概念排除对其他文化和道德的宽容。无论是道德相对主义和普遍是不完美的，并会进一步发展。参考书目：1。亚历山大，杰弗里C.（1995）。世纪末的社会理论。相对论，减少问题的原因。 Verso公司，伦敦。 2。拉德，约翰，编辑。 （1985）。道德相对主义。
